My Culture and Old School Traditions Essay Example For Students

My Culture and Old School Traditions Essay It appears as though lion's share of today’s present day American families have comparable ways of life, convictions and customs. Not at all like my family the â€Å"Cochran’s†, wherein are specific about our societies religion, has old school strategies and keeps up a humble way of life. To the extent I know the vast majority of my family members on both my mom and father side of the family are from southern states: Arkansas, Mississippi, and Tennessee. So impressively, it’s safe to state my family has a southern attitude on pretty much all that they do. My grandparents were conceived in the 1940-50’s and they’re pronged to getting things done as they were in their day and age and with my mother being a result of them, she acts in like manner. So going to chapel reliably every Sunday, Saturday, and Wednesday was a repetitive yet, pleasurable action for my family and me. In our way of life Christianity is an energetic point and they emphatically have confidence in regarding a particular way of life. On probably the most energizing occasions like Halloween, Valentine’s Day and even insignificant days that nobody truly focuses on like April fool’s day, was not to be commended are even recognized by our family’s religion. We needed to commend those days at chapel and in secondary school I was denied from wearing make-up, partner with young men, having a wireless and now and again in any event, associating with girlfriend’s throughout the end of the week. Along these lines, obviously my family was really simple about their guidelines and guidelines however they had an authentic thinking behind it. As indicated by my grandpa, John that sort of strict control has been acted in our family’s culture for as long as sixty years. Alongside the ages of self trained, talented outside man that consistently had all the earmarks of being a need to their work. Obviously that incorporated my dad John who was a woodworker and taken a shot at high risers and streets and my dad/uncle’s worked in steel factories. All things considered, Hunting and fish was a characteristic interest for a large portion of the men in my family’s culture. Taking into account how the age of men showed their children the significance of work and how it can bolster their families. It absolutely cut off its motivation. Subsequently our family was gladly ready to set up a bounteous measure of fish and other uncontrollably got suppers for the conventional Cochran fish fry’s that occurred in any event 2-3 times each year. Family fish fry’s and other dinner occasions sort of go about as family gatherings in light of the fact that the primary thinking of the supper is to make partnership with each other and to ensure the family reunites as one. Our way of life sees inspiration, strengthening and backing as a basic obligation among each other. This customary social event has been organized by our extraordinary, incredible progenitors; and the current family despite everything respects the get-together right up 'til today. I appreciate being a piece of my family‘s culture and keeping our ethics and qualities. Without it I would have not advanced into the unassuming pioneer that I have become today. I’m anticipating all the more family fish fry’s and fortifying my relationship and bond with family members. I’ve came to understand that getting progressively acquainted with my family’s culture has helped me comprehend a ton about myself, self activities, and above all my future.

Operation Anaconda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Activity Anaconda - Essay Example This activity was to take out the Al Qaeda bunch after they were overwhelmed by the gathering three months sooner. The crucial modernized strategy where the US military and neighborly Afghanistan in the valley was to attack the fear gathering. This was not the situation, as the adversary was so controlling and sorted out, while the amiable Afghanistan’s didn't coordinate, thus disregarding the Americans to battle. The fighters had the option to prevail as they called for air support in light of the fact that their unique ground intend to overwhelm the adversary was not effective.2 The strategic expected to be finished in three days, however it stretched out for a month. The US armed force was viewed as effective in light of the fact that they had the option to dispense with 800 Al Qaeda men. These men flee from the valley leaving the United States officers in charge. The achievement was built up utilizing complex material and the officers adjusting to differing battling techniques. This is on the grounds that it couldn't adapt to nature in the mountains and they couldn't battle the overwhelming automatic rifles and projectiles that were utilized to kill them by the Al-Qaeda. The activity didn't have strategic riggings that would kill the Al-Qaeda bunch who disguised in the mountains. There were numerous mishaps the same number of fighters kicked the bucket from bombs dropped by American airplanes. Others were executed from helicopter crashes, while a couple of endured overwhelming hardware mishaps, coincidental tumbling from shipboards, and unplanned shootings.3 Boa constrictor activity has been among the most muddled missions in US fighting history. This is on the grounds that they couldn't dispose of their foe in the primary record, normally in light of the fact that the fighters disparaged the adversary and felt that it was a straightforward crucial. Achievement was acknowledged in the wake of mentioning for support from Delta Force and Seal Team

21 Simple Ways to Stop Yourself From Overthinking

21 Simple Ways to Stop Yourself From Overthinking Thinking is one of the characteristics that sets humans apart from other animals. Without the ability to think, humans could not have achieved all the social, political, economic and technological advancement that defines the 21st century.Without the ability to think, we would even have a hard time surviving in this world. With all the advantages that come with thinking, you would assume that overthinking is a positive habit.However, overthinking is a very detrimental habit that can cause serious problems. Overthinking prevents you from living your best life.It clouds your judgment and prevents you from taking action, creates non-existent obstacles, fills you with doubt, turns positive things into negativity, and even sucks joy and happiness from your life.According to this study, overthinking can even lead to chronic anxiety and depression.Most of us will find ourselves overthinking in some situations, and that is perfectly normal. However, if overthinking becomes more than an occas ional occurrence, this might turn out to be a problem.Luckily, there are some active steps that you can take to stop overthinking from taking control over your life.Below, we take a look at two simple ways you can use to stop yourself from overthinking.1. CHANGE YOUR APPROACH TO DECISION MAKINGAnytime you find yourself overthinking, take a step back and try to find out why you are overthinking. In most cases, you will find that your overthinking is brought about by the fear of making the wrong decision.You are afraid that the decision you want to make might lead to failure, embarrassment or some other negative outcome.Unfortunately, overthinking does not help you make the right decision. Instead, it gets you stuck in a state of inaction, which is worse than the negative outcome you are afraid of.To help you overcome the fear of making the wrong decision, you should view it not as an ultimatum where you have to get it right or all is lost, but instead as an opportunity for learning.I f you make the right decision, well and good. If your decision turns out to be the wrong, you’ll have learnt what is required if a similar situation presents itself in future.2. EMBRACE POSITIVITYWe have all been in this situation: you are about to do something, but you are scared that things will not go as you planned. Your mind starts thinking of all things that could go wrong.Whatever you want to do starts to look like an impossible mission, what with all the things that could go wrong.This kicks in a cycle of overthinking that fills you with doubt and you end up not doing anything.Instead of letting such overthinking fill you with doubt, why not think of all the things that might go well?Tell yourself that everything will go as planned and keep these thoughts at the forefront of your mind.This does not mean that you should not consider possible setbacks. Instead, you should notice when your mind starts picturing things that are unlikely to happen.For instance, if you are going on a journey, it is good to consider that you might get a puncture, hence the need for you to carry a spare tire.However, thinking that you might get an accident or that the bridge might collapse as you go over it is a sign of overthinking.3. BECOME ACTION-ORIENTEDA story is told of a military general who was asked to make a choice between two attacking strategies. The army had been analyzing the two strategies for months but could not decide which strategy guaranteed best results.Upon being presented with the two strategies, the general did not take more than a minute to make his decision.When asked how he made the decision, he pointed out that if for months the army had analyzed different information and could not make a decision, no further analysis on his part could help make the right decision. Instead, action is what was needed. If the chosen plan did not work as expected, the soldiers would improvise.The point here is that, sometimes, overthinking and overanalyzing situation s leads to something known as analysis paralysis.Any further analysis does not help with decision making. Instead, it holds you back from taking action. If you find yourself overthinking and procrastinating things, just go ahead and take action. If things do not work out as expected, you can always improvise.4. CONSIDER THE BIGGER PICTUREOverthinking results to us giving more significance to things that are not really that important. When you overthink, a small problem seems like the end of the world.If you find yourself overthinking, take a step back and look at the bigger picture.Will this thing that is giving you so much trouble matter a month from now? Five months? A year? Five or ten years?In most cases, it won’t.Once you realize that whatever is worrying you does not matter in the grand scheme of things, you will stop giving it undue significance.5. STOP WAITING FOR THE PERFECT MOMENTOverthinking leads to the illusion that there is a perfect time for doing something, which i n turn leads to procrastination.For instance, if you want to start a business, overthinking can create the following scenarios in your mind: what if I don’t have enough time? What if capital runs out? What if I do not get enough customers? Am I really ready to start a business?Eventually, you might just end up not starting your business.However, it is good to note that there is never a perfect time for anything.There is never a perfect time to start a business, to get married, to have kids, to start writing a book, or to do anything else. If you start overthinking, you will never get anything done.Therefore, if you find yourself overthinking about all the things that are not in place for you to do whatever you want, remind yourself that there is never a perfect moment and start doing it right now.6. SET TIME LIMITS FOR MAKING DECISIONSThe desire to make the right decision and an unlimited time frame for making the decision is the perfect recipe for overthinking. As you try to thin k about all the possibilities and anything you might have left out, overthinking can easily kick in.To avoid this, the best option is to give yourself a time limit for making decisions. The length of time assigned to a decision should depend on the significance of the decision.Once the time is over, you should stop any further analysis of the situation, make the decision and move forward to act on what you have decided.7. REALIZE THAT YOU HAVE NO CONTROL OVER THE FUTUREWe all want to have a better future, and sometimes, we spend a lot of time worrying and overthinking about how things will turn out in future. You might be worried that you might lose your job, that your business might fail, that your spouse might leave you, and so on.However, worrying does not help in any way.Actually, it stops you from enjoying the present. Instead of spending your time overthinking about what might happen in future, you should realize that you have no control over the future.Why worry over somethin g you cannot control?Accept that things in the future will happen as they were destined to, and focus your energy on doing things that bring you joy and happiness.8. GIVE YOUR BEST AND FORGET THE RESTWhenever you find ourselves in new situations, sometimes you might to worry that you are not well equipped or good enough to handle these situations.You might feel that you are not dedicated enough, rich enough, hardworking enough or smart enough to do what is required of you.This worrying and overthinking can hinder your ability to face such situations, even if you were initially well equipped to handle them.Once you find yourself in such a situation, you should focus on giving your best effort without worrying about the outcome.Sometimes, the outcome might depend on things outside your control.Therefore, instead of killing yourself with worry, simply do what you can to the best of your ability and forget about the rest.9. PRACTICE MINDFULNESSOverthinking is usually a result of ruminat ing about the past or worrying about the future. To prevent this from happening, you should practice mindfulness in your day to day life.Mindfulness is about being totally aware of the present moment and therefore taking your thoughts away from the past or the future. If you find yourself starting to overthink, focus on the present moment.Think about what is going on right now. If you are eating, don’t just eat mindlessly as your thoughts run amok in your mind. Instead, focus on the food, feel the taste of the food as you chew it in your mouth. If you are in the shower, focus on the water. Feel its temperature. Focus on the feeling of the water running down your body.Mindfulness is about focusing fully on whatever is happening at the moment and taking in everything with all the five senses. Listen to the sounds around you. Take in the sights and smells around you in detail.If you are working on something with your hands, take in its texture and how it feels on your hands.Practicin g mindfulness anchors you to the present and keeps you from constantly worrying about the past or the future.10. LEARN TO RECOGNIZE AND STOP THE EXTRA THOUGHTSOverthinking is usually characterized by thoughts that are not really helpful in the grand scheme of things. For instance, worrying that you might get an accident before you set out on a drive is not helpful.Worrying that you will fail your interview is not helpful. When you find yourself overthinking, take a moment and ask yourself if the thoughts are helpful. If they are not, tell yourself a mental “Stop!”If you are alone, you can even say it aloud.Once you tell yourself to stop, refocus your attention to whatever you are doing. For instance, if you find yourself worrying that you will fail your interview, recognize that these thoughts are not helpful, give yourself a mental order to stop these thoughts and then direct your focus on preparing for the interview.11. EXERCISEWorking out is a great way of keeping overthinkin g at bay and relieving the worries and tensions within your mind.An intense workout needs a lot of mental concentration, which means that you will be more focused on the workout than on the multiple possible scenarios running through your head.In addition, working out leads to the release of endorphins in your brain, which infuses you with good feelings and positivity. This minimizes your likelihood of engaging in negative or worrying thoughts.12. CREATE A TO-DO LISTYour mind may be your greatest asset, but if left to its own devices, your mind can also deter you from achieving your goals. Sometimes, your mind tends to blow things out of proportion, to make them seem bigger than they appear.For instance, if you have a number of tasks to complete within a day, your mind might make it seem like there is no way that all these tasks can be completed within a single day.It creates a multitude of reasons why you will not be able to complete the tasks. The key to prevent this kind of overt hinking is to come up with a to-do list.For instance, if you have to meet a client, create a presentation, finish up a report and pick up your brother in law from the airport, your mind might make it appear like it is impossible to do all these things within a single day.However, if you create a to-do list and allocate a specific duration for each task, it will become easier to handle them all.13. MEDITATEMeditation is a great way of stopping overthinking dead in its tracks. Sit down in a calm place, focus on your breathing and try to clear your mind of all thoughts. If a thought pops into your head, look at it with a sense of detachment, being aware of the thought but not allowing it to affect you.Meditating for just 10 minutes every single day can help you overcome the habit of overthinking totally.Additionally, meditation has several other benefits, such as decreased risk of developing chronic anxiety and depression, increased self-awareness, increased memory and learning ability and enhanced immune function within your body.14. GET A HOBBYThis is another great way of putting a stop to your overthinking tendencies. Get a consistent creative outlet that you enjoy doing. This could be anything such as drawing, playing a sport, writing, designing, painting, coding, singing, and so on.It could even be playing a video game. Whenever you find thoughts running wild in your mind, get into your hobby and immerse yourself into it fully. Stay at it until your mind feels refreshed.Immersing yourself in a hobby does two things.First, it redirects your focus from overthinking into the activity at hand.Second, it helps you express your creativity and improves your cognitive function and coordination.15. PRACTICE INTROSPECTIONIf you find your thoughts overwhelming you, sit down in a quiet place with a notepad and a pen. Think of all the things you are worrying about â€" failure in business, being left by your spouse, family problems, failing an interview, getting laid off from work, and anything else that might be troubling you.List all these things down on your notepad.Create another column across from this list and think of what you can do to about each thing that is troubling you. If there is something you can do, write it down and create a schedule of when to do it. If there’s nothing you can do about, remind yourself that there is no point worrying about it.Doing this kind of introspection will help you realize that these things are not worth the mental anguish you are going through overthinking about them.16. CONSIDER THE WORST CASE SCENARIOMany times, overthinking about a situation creates vague imaginary fears that are unlikely to happen in real life. You start thinking about the disaster scenarios that might play out once you do something. If unchecked, this can keep you from attempting anything new in your life.Whenever you find yourself overthinking a situation, think about the worst possible thing might happen.For instance, what’s the worst possible thing that will happen if you fail an interview? You won’t die.You will just apply for more jobs.Thinking about the worst case scenario helps you realize that the worst possible thing that might happen is a lot less scary than the disaster scenarios your mind is imagining. Realizing this can save you a lot of mental anguish.17. TAKE A WALKThere is something about taking a walk in nature that refreshes us, helps us calm down and relieves our minds from stress and worry.Whenever you find yourself overwhelmed by thoughts running wild inside your mind, go out for a walk in the park, by the river or down the beach.The idea is to connect with nature. You want to feel the fresh air and the sun on your skin. Play some music on your iPod as you walk.Focus on the sights, sounds and smells of the environment around you. Taking a nature walk will distract your mind from your worries, sooth you and calm down your mind.18. DON’T BE TOO HARD ON YOURSELFMost of the time, you ten d to overthink because you are too hard on yourself. You crave success so bad that you are ready to beat yourself up if things do not go as you envisioned. You have not forgiven yourself for the last time you failed.Stop that!It’s impossible to kill your overthinking habit when you are always being so hard on yourself. The truth of the matter is that life will not always go as you envision.Sometimes things will go bad, and that’s okay. Be ready to forgive yourself if things do not go as you wished. In most cases, it’s not even your fault.Once you stop being too hard on yourself, you will be less afraid of failure, which in turn means that you will be less prone to overthinking.19. THINK USEFULLYMost of the things we tend to overthink about are usually things we have no control over, and therefore, worrying about such things is useless thinking. What you want to do is to think usefully.For instance, if you want a promotion at work, useful thinking would be “what do I need to do in order to get a promotion?” From there, you can then work on your skills or get some further education in order to gain a promotion.However, worrying about whether or not your boss will promote you is useless thinking. Even after you have gotten further education or improved your skills, it is up to the boss to decide whether they will promote you or not.Whenever you find yourself overthinking, focus your thoughts so that you think usefully and ignore any useless thinking.20. LOVE EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENSThis is derived from one of the teachings of stoic philosophy. The point here is that we should embrace whatever happens, whether good or bad, and understand that it is for our greater good, even if it might not seem this way at the moment.Sometimes, overthinking is caused by ruminating over things that happened in the past. We try to imagine how life would be if things did not happen as they did. We overanalyze and repeat the situation in our minds, often leading to depressio n.However, like this stoic principle teaches, it’s no use worrying over things that have already happened, since we cannot change them.Instead of beating yourself up for something that has happened, embrace it and believe that it happened for your greater good.21. TRUST YOURSELFOverthinking about the future usually occurs because you feel insecure about yourself. You are not confident in your ability to handle certain situations. You feel inadequate and doubt yourself, which in turn leads to overthinking.Fortunately, you are well equipped to handle most of the situations you face in life. You only need to start believing and trusting yourself.Have confidence in yourself, believe that you can handle whatever is in front of you and that you can make the right decisions. Once you learn to trust in yourself, it will be easier for you to make decisions and you will be less likely to overthink situations.FINAL WORDIn life, most of us will sometimes overthink and overanalyze situations i n our minds, and that is okay. However, if overthinking becomes a frequent occurrence, it might be time to take some action to prevent it from taking over your life.By following the 21 simple ways discussed in this article, anyone can stop the habit of overthinking in its tracks. Ultimately, you also need to understand and accept that there are a lot of things that are outside of your control.The aim of overthinking is usually to try and have everything under control, which is impossible.Once you accept that it is impossible to have everything under control, you are halfway to solving your overthinking problem.

The Myth of Equal Education Essay - 1727 Words

America is often enamored of itself as the champion of equality in every aspect of its society; however, this is often not the case. This is true in every aspect of life, but is very evident specifically in the American education system. Although America claims to give an equal education to all, regardless of any external factors, economic class often plays a role in what type and how good of an education a student may receive. Since education is the basis for future success, this inequity resulting from socioeconomic status implies that this is where inequality in everyday life starts, and that the system generates this inequality. If this is true, then one might ask, what then is the purpose of education? If economic class predetermines†¦show more content†¦His desire for learning was baffling to his family. Rodriguez says â€Å"I devoted myself to my studies. I became bookish, puzzling to all my family. Ambition set me apart† (195). Even from an early age, the defi ning characteristic of Rodriguez’s unusual education displays itself. That characteristic is isolation. Isolation is what enabled Rodriguez to have such an exceptional education, and started him on the path to believing that through hard work anyone could receive a good education. Rodriguez is isolated from his family by his very desire to become more educated. At first he shunned his heritage, and isolated himself further. As his education continued, so did his isolation, until eventually he realized what had happened, and returned to his family, and found that the isolation and education had changed him in such a way that he could not relate to them anymore. He says â€Å"†¦after the early relief, this return, came suspicion, nagging until I realized that I had not neatly sidestepped the impact of schooling. My desire to do so was precisely the measure of how much I remained an academic.† (205). Because of his education, he realizes that he has become different, and that realization is what makes his difference real. Malcolm X, on the other hand, had significantly different experiences, though at its core, his education shared a significant similarity with Rodriguez’s. Essentially, Malcolm X grew up on the streets as a criminal. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of Individual Opportunity1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe Myth of Individual Opportunity America is often referenced with the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and the â€Å"Land of Opportunity.† For centuries, people have flocked to America in hopes of a better life and greater opportunity. However, if they are searching for equal opportunity, America is not the country that they will find it in. Success in the United States is limited to the opportunities available to the individual, and without equal distribution of opportunity, financial success is not reachableRead MoreTitle IX: Nix the Nine1354 Words   |  5 Pagesgirls in every educational program that receives federal funding. 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While theRead MoreRagged Dick, by Hoatio Alger1532 Words   |  7 Pagesin a society where everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed in life? No one looks at race or anything of that nature just solely on merit and no matter where you come from or what you go through you have the same opportunity as the next person. Merit is the quality of being particularly good or worth especially so as to deserve praise or reward. Well, this is the message that Horatio Alger gives to his readers that some people feel as though it’s a myth as oppose to others thinking it’s greatRead MoreCollege Program On The Ung Campus1526 Words   |  7 PagesPaul Gorski’s’ article, â€Å"The Myth of Culture†. This article briefly explains several myths about cultures and poverty. Gorski talks and debunks the myth that poor people are unmotivated and have weak work ethics. Unfortunately I feel like most of these kids were living in situations of poverty. According to â€Å"The Myth of Culture†, Gorski explains how many people view people of poverty as â€Å"unmotivated people that have weak work etchis†. Gorski quickly debunks this myth with his response, â€Å". AccordingRead More`` Reign Of Error Is American Education For The Lives Of Our Children? Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pageshistorian†, answers four questions in her book, Reign of Error. Is American education i n crisis? Is American education failing or declining? What is the evidence for reform being promoted by the government and adopted by many states? What should we do to improve our schools and the lives of our children? According to Ravitch, the â€Å"crisis† concerning American education is actually a myth. In this book, she addresses myth after myth providing adequate clarity and information. She looks deep into the

Mary Tudor Bloody Mary - 612 Words

At exactly midnight tomorrow, go into your bathroom with a lit up candle in your hand. Place the candle right in front of the mirror, and start chanting Bloody Mary, Bloody Mary, Bloody Mary, and etc. Do it 3 to 30 times and legend has it that you will see a ghost in the mirror and then that ghost will kill you or bruise you emotionally or physically really abominably. This legend is called â€Å"Bloody Mary† and many people are assured that the legend is not true because they allege that their friends did it before and nothing happened. This legend came to be because of one infamous queen, Mary Tudor or known as Mary I of England. The article, â€Å"The bloody history of Bloody Mary: Part 1† states clearly on how Mary got her Bloody Mary nickname, â€Å"Marys Bloody moniker is related to some of her first acts as Queen: first came the execution of Dudley and then the reinstitution of the Heresy Acts in 1554. Under the Acts many, many protestants were killed under the Marian Persecutions, the main method of execution being death by fire. Its believed many of the 283 killed under the Heresy Act died this way and gave Mary the unofficial title Queen Bloody Mary.†(McGarry 1) Mary Tudor agonized many people because she wanted Catholicism back into her kingdom and not many people supported her. They didn’t support her because many people thought of her as a bastard for the things she did to her fellow citizens and many people headed towards the direction of Protestantism. Many people sayShow MoreRelatedMary Tudor s Bloody Mary1412 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mary Mary quite contrary. How does your garden grow? With silver bells and cockleshells. And pretty maids all in a row.† This is a nursery that is believed to be associated with Mary Tudor, most commonly known as â€Å"Bloody Mary†. Sounds like an innocent nursey rhyme, right? But really, according to Gillies, the garden in the nursery rhyme is a reference to graveyards which were increasing in size, with those who dared to continue to follow the Protestant faith. The silver bells and cockleshells wereRead More Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): The True Story Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesshe was a king’s wife, she was a queen, and by the same title a king also† # Mary Tudor was an influential women of her time period. Many in modern society know her for her particularly bad reputation as Bloody Mary, however they do not realize the contributions she made, or her influence on history . The story behind Mary’s reputation gives insight as to her true accomplishments as England’s first queen. When Mary Tudor was born on February 18, 1516, she was the only child that King Henry VIII andRead MoreHenry Viii And The Succession1438 Words   |  6 Pagesslaughtered 70,000 of their own people. They allowed the boy-king Edward VI to rule over their country when he was nine years old, and while he lay in his bed sick, weak, and dying. They then supported a queen that would acquire the nickname Bloody Mary over a queen that would come to be compared to Elizabeth I. Lady Jane Grey exhibited a maturity far more advanced than her age, not unlike Joan of Arc, who at the age of 17, led an entire army to victory during the one-hundred-years war. LadyRead MoreMary Tudor : Old And New Perspectives Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesMary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives, is a new look at a woman that has been studied for decades. This book is a positive, and different, look on Mary Tudors reign as queen of England. This novel is composed of essays by ten different historians who analyze different aspects of Mary’s reign and provide new perspectives on it. The book is split into two sections, old and new perspectives. The first section, old perspectives, is a broader look of Mary’s reign and reputation after her death. The secondRead MoreQueen Mary Of A Bloody Mary Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Salter Mrs. Lusk Parrish English 11 Accelerated 11 March 2016 Queen Bloody Mary Did you know that the legend of Bloody Mary is real and originated with Queen Mary I of England, the source of over 300 deaths? Over 400 years ago, Queen Mary Tudor ruled in England from 1553, until her death in 1558. Mary was a Catholic and so were her parents, but when her Mother and father got divorced, her father switched to a Protestant faith. When she became Queen she quickly reformed her Father religiousRead MoreMary Tudor s First And Only Child Between Her Mother And Father1140 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Mary Tudor Mary Tudor was born February 18, 1516 to Katherine of Aragon and King Henry Tudor VIII. She was the first and only child between her mother and father. 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Hi About That Free Essays

Katienagler Just another WordPress. com site Home About Introduction MAR 21 Mike Rose Annotated Bib and Summary Posted on March 21, 2012 by naglerk11 Standard Rose, Mike. â€Å"Rigid Rules, Inflexible Plans, and the Stifling of Language: A Cognitivist Analysis of Writer’s Block. We will write a custom essay sample on Hi About That or any similar topic only for you Order Now † College Composition and Communication 31. 4 (1980): 389-401. Print. Mike Rose brings all the chapters of this book together by not just researching how writers write, produce, plan, revise, etc. ; but instead he is asking what physically and mentally keeps a writer for be unable to write the next sentence. He said that the â€Å"writer’s block† could be due to â€Å"anxiety, fear of evaluation, insecurity, etc. ; he decided to dig deeper and come up with the best reasoning. He came to find out that the five sstudents he studied who experienced writer’s block were all using rules and/or planning strategies that had been embedded into their heads that may not be compatible with their composing process, therefore hindering their writing rather than improving it. This relates to my question because there really are aspects to writing that we have been told are helpful but may actually keep us from excelling. Rose states that sometimes less is more. Sstudents who did not experience blocking had an outline, but they were very vague. They were each open to change tthroughout their composing process, unlike the five other sstudents. Berkenkotter, Carol. â€Å"Decisions and Revisions: The Planning Strategies of a Publishing Writer. † College Composition and Communication 34. 2 (1983): 156-69. Print. Berkenkotter mainly focused on the writer’s planning, revising, and editing approaches. She wanted to see how much time sstudents spent on each of these procedures of writing. She wished to learn about the different planning and revising strategies of a good writer in order to correlate this with what we already hold to be true of how a skilled writer plans and revises. She believes that it is important for us to â€Å"pay close attention to the setting in which the writer composes, the kind of task the writer confronts, and what the writer can tell us of his own processes. † Fitzgerald, Jill. â€Å"Research on Revision in Writing. † Review of Educational Research. 4th ed. Vol. 57. American Educational Research Association. 481-506. Print. How to cite Hi About That, Papers

Dianas Disappointment free essay sample

Question 1 These are the various factors that I believe led to Diana not being promoted: When Diana had not been promoted the first time, she was told by her supervisor that she needed to work on her people skills. During another visit from her supervisor, it was suggested that Diana try to be friendlier and become more approachable to the employees. At that point, Diana should have realized that this is a weakness for her and that her lack of people skills might be the cause of the high turnover in staff she has been experiencing. Since Diana did not take her supervisor’s advice, it would appear to her superiors that she has no intention of changing from her current style of managing; this would cause some concern as Diana would be training new managers. With Diana’s history of poor people skills and large turnover in staff at her own restaurant, her superiors would not want Diana in charge of training the new managers. We will write a custom essay sample on Dianas Disappointment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page  ·Self-management: Diana has showed on several occasions that she is very inflexible to her staff when it comes to company policies and procedures. When three employees tried a new customer service tactic, Diana fired them for the initiating the change in service. Instead she should have discussed the deviation from company policy with them and explained how important the company policies are. She has to realize that sometimes employees have new ideas that could benefit the entire company.  · Social-awareness: Diana has been told by her supervisor that the employees refer to her as the â€Å"Ice Maiden†. Upon hearing this, Diana should have asked herself why the employees were thinking about her in such a cold manner. Diana should have realized that she needs to be more open, approachable and friendlier in order to establish a better working relationship with employees. When the three employees initiated the new customer service tactic, Diana should have asked the employees why they felt the need for a change in the existing customer service. By not allowing the employees to express their ideas (and firing them instead), she is sending a message to the other employees that she not interested in how the employees think or feel.  ·Relationship-management: In the situation with the three employees initiating a new customer service tactic, Diana should have discussed the importance of abiding by the  corporate policies and procedures. She also could have taken the time to advise the employees of the correct way to bring any new ideas to her attention so that they could be approved first. Diana should have shown support to them for having thought of the idea in the first place; and possibly have encouraged them to present their new customer service idea to corporate office (if the idea had some merit); this would show the employees that she is supportive and approachable. Question 2 I feel that Diana needs to develop several competencies in order to become the next district manager by becoming:  ·More flexible.  ·More approachable.  ·Friendlier.  ·More forgiving.  ·Interacting with the staff more.  ·More caring.  ·Empathic. If Diana could improve her people skills, I feel that she would make an excellent district manager as she seems to be very efficient in fulfilling the other duties that would be required on her. The company Diana works for could assist her in acquiring these competencies by offering her several training courses that deal specifically with people skills. These courses would help Diana by showing her a better way to deal with employees that make the employees feel valued additions to the company; thus stopping the high turnover she has been experiencing.

Doppler Effect Essays - Wave Mechanics, Astronomical Spectroscopy

Doppler Effect Christian Johann Doppler, born November 29, 1803 in Salzburg, Austria died March 17, 1853 in Venice. Christian Doppler an Austrian Physicist who first described how the detected frequency of light and sound waves is affected by the relative motion of the source and the detector. This aspect became known as the Doppler Effect. Christian was educated at the Polytechnical Institute in Vienna. Doppler became director of the physical Institute and professor of experimental physics of the University of Vienna in 1850. In 1842 he published Uber das farbige Licht der Dopperlsterne which means Concerning the Coloured Light of Double Stars, which contained his first statement of the Doppler effect. He then theorized that since the pitch of sound from a moving source varies for a stationary observer, the colour of the light from a star should alter, according to the star's velocity relative to Earth. The cause of the Doppler effect isn't just sound. There is also light. As the source of the wave approaches or moves away to a person. For example you can tell if a light is far away, or close to you without really judging where the light is at. All you have to do is if a light is far away from you then the light is small, and continues to get smaller as it moves away. And if the light is moving towards you then the light becomes bigger, and brighter. Another example of this is if you ever drove in a car at night you can see a car from far away but the headlights of the other car look like they are more seperated apart. And as the vehicle moves closer to you, the lights seem that they are getting closer together. What happens to a pitch or frequency when the source is moving towards the person or away from him/her? It has been established from sound waves that the frequency is higher when a sound source is moving toward the person and lower when it is moving away from him/her. Another example of the Doppler effect is the way a police cars siren changes in pitch when it passes by. The sound waves in front of the car are condensed, while the trailing sound waves are longer and of a lower pitch. Light from an object moving towards the Earth is shifted toward the blue end of the spectrum, where as light from objects moving away is shifted toward the red end. The human ear cannot hear all possible frequencies. Very few people can hear any fewer than 16 Hz or any more than about 20 kHz (kilohertz--1 kHz equals 1,000 Hz). Music rarely makes use of this whole range of audible frequencies. The lowest note on a piano has a frequency of 27 Hz and the highest note a little more than 4 kHz. Frequency- modulation (FM) radio stations broadcast notes up to 15 kHz. These can be heard through hi-fi receivers. The intensity of a sound has nothing to do with its pitch. A high tone can be either loud or soft, and so can a low tone. Intensity depends upon the strength, or amplitude, of the vibrations producing the sound. A piano string, for example, vibrates gently if the key is struck softly. The string swings back and forth in a narrow arc, and the tone it sends out is soft. If the key is struck forcefully, however, the string swings back and forth in a wider arc. The stronger vibration then produces a louder tone. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Science Essays

Free sample - The Growing Power of the Peoples Republic of China. translation missing

The Growing Power of the Peoples Republic of China. The Growing Power of the People's Republic of ChinaChina is a country located in East Asia. This country is considered one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations with approximately four thousand years of history. The country’s rapid growth is largely attributed to a change in economic policies in the 1950’s which transformed the country into a technology based economy. China is actually the second largest economy in the world after the U.S and the world’s fastest growing major economy. The country’s population stands at 1,340,610,000 (Phang 20). This large population provides a good market for the country’s industrial products. The large population also ensures availability of manpower for the country’s military as well as labor for the industrial sector. Out of this population, 26% is urban. The presence of large rivers and arable land ensures adequate agricultural products to feed the high population. Principal rivers in the country include Yangtze, Huang He (yellow river), Amur, Pearl, and Mekong (Phang 22). The population of china is largely made of the Han ethnic group. The country’s large size has ensured availability of large agricultural fields. The climate is quite conducive for agricultural activities (Phang 25). The country is actually the world’s largest producer of rice. Other agricultural products produced in large quantities in the country are: cotton, wheat, maize, tobacco, soybeans, and peanuts. The country is also rich in mineral resources. Its renowned for the production of coal, crude oil, antimony, tungsten and other mineral resources. This ensures availability of foreign income to develop the country’s infrastructure (Henley 100). The country’s decision to loosen restrictions on private businesses ensured their growth hence contributing to the rapid economic growth of the country. Opening the door for foreign investment ensured the creation of numerous factories and other production centers hence the creation of jobs (Henley 105). Foreign investment also facilitated technology transfers and increased exports thereby contributing to economic growth. A research carried out recently by IMF concluded that increased worker efficiency has played a big role in the growth of the country. The report compiled by the researchers indicate that this efficiency led to high productivity gains which accounted for nearly 42% of the country’s growth in the 1990’s (Henley 106). The availability of cheap labor for the country’s industrial sector has ensured low production cost hence making products from the country very competitive in the international market (Henley 111). This availability is largely because of the high population in the country. As a result of this, manufactured products constitute a very large share of the country’s trade. Appreciation of the Yuan has also played a very big role in the development of the country. This appreciation has caused very favorable exchange rate against the dollar. China pegs its currency against the dollar but this is expected to change owing to the improvement of the country’s economy and the weakening of the dollar. The country is expected to do away with the peg system after the G- 20 summit (Henley 112). This step is expected to be accompanied by a further increase in the value of the currency. This increase is expected to spur more economic growth in the country. Conversely, this appreci ation is expected to affect negatively the economies of Chinese neighbors such as south Korea which happens to be China’s major trade partner (Henley 112). The country continues to receive aid from other countries despite its blossoming economy. for instance, the Australian government through the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) has provided support for china for the last thirty years. This body supports many development projects in china and also provides the required expertise (Chen 55). This helps china make up for deficiencies hence ensuring adequate resources for development. The country has formed a program called â€Å" China country program strategy†. This is a program that focuses on supporting the country’s development as well as reform agenda via targeted policy management, high level capacity building as well as partnerships in the economic key sectors. Alliances have therefore played a key role in helping the country realize its development goals (Chen 56). The country’s tourism sector has also played an important role in the country’s development. This sector is one of the fastest growing industries in the country’s national economy. Revenue from the industry reached about USD 67.3 billion in 2002, contributing about 5.44% of the GDP. In 2003, the number of tourists reached about 91.66 million. This placed the country among the world’s top five countries as far as revenue from this industry is concerned (Chen 58). China’s high regard for science and technology has seen a high priority awarded to modernization of the same. The country’s leaders have actually been described by many scholars as technocrats. There is a very good political will to advance the field. This has ensured a state of the art production systems in the industries thereby ensuring efficiency (Chen 59). Works cited Chen, B. â€Å"Determinants of Economic Growth in China: Private enterprise, Education and Openness†. China Economic Review (Elsevier Science, 2010 Henley, J. etal. â€Å" Foreign Direct Investment in China: Recent Trends and Current Policy Issues†. The World Economy (Blackwell Synergy, 2010 Phang, S. China overtakes Japan as Worlds Second- Biggest Economy. London: Oxford University Press, 2010

Performing Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Performing Arts - Essay Example As opposed to visual art, Music and dance arts are based on making experience, rather than making an object. Because of the ability to create experience, both dance and music are concerned with invoking human engagement to the art being performed. Dance and music enhances performers to be able to engage with the inner lives of their audience, and be able to define the space that exists between the performance and audience (Rudner, 2011). This means that music and performance are effective in combining thoughts, intellectual ideas, and feelings. Therefore, by invoking feelings and emotion, dance and music arts are able to reflect on the actual experience of the original piece of performance. For instance, through a performance that I recently watched, I was able to have a grasp of the Carnaval Music, from Brazil. The Carnaval Music is a Brazilian festival song that I have never listened to or watched. Nevertheless, through the live dance and music performance, I was able to develop and have a clue of the kind of feelings and emotions this song invokes on the Brazilians during their annual festival. Contrastingly, I feel I would not have got this experience if I were to depend on the provisions of visual art. Based on the live performance, I realized that as the way the Carnaval Music dancing is done, the nice and unique sounds and, the voices in the song are so interesting. Conclusively, visual art is lacking in invoking that real or first experience of an art as it is perceived in its

Role of Nursing in Healthcare Delivery Coursework

Role of Nursing in Healthcare Delivery - Coursework Example Therefore we can say that in this modern century the role of nursing managers has somewhat change now. In addition to the direct clinical and medical care, the nurses are involved in many other aspects of the health care industry. The additional duties may also include quality management and improvement, case management, data collection and analysis, insurance review analysis, patient educations and sometimes the regular training programs to train the rest of the medical staff (Cipriano, 2010). All of these additional tasks are included in the roles, duties or we can say responsibilities of a nurse manager. In modern times, the nurses are also named as the health providers and the health researchers. At higher level of nursing managers, the duties and the responsibilities of a nurse may change from others. A nurse manger may have to supervise all the staff and the hospital just to coordinate their activities. The budgeting activity may also fall on the shoulders of a nurse manger so that he or she can manage the allocated budget according to the proper planning. The hospital may get famous by the level of its services and the care, which they give to their patients; therefore, it is the role of the nurse manager to maintain the high quality or the standard of the health care services (Donovan, 2010). Nurses play an important or we must say a central role in the cost containment, quality and safety provision to the patients. Working at any level the role of nurse is to observe the current and emerging trends so that she or he can make innovation in their services and thus improve the quality of their health care provisions. The aim of the nurses and especially the nursing managers is to achieve the shared and mutual goals of efficiency and effectiveness in the practice (Tiffin, 2012). Tiffin, C. (2012), ‘Beyond the Bed Side: The Changing Roles of Nurses Today’, Huffington Post, Retrieved on July 22, 2014 from

Problem Of The Piazza D Italia Cultural Studies Essay

Problem Of The Piazza D Italia Cultural Studies Essay With public space or areas we usually mean roads, streets, squares, beaches and parks, but also free accessible government buildings and public institutions are part of public space. The moment public areas have been formed they have been a platform for gathering people and groups from different origins. It is a place where people can meet socially and exchange ideas. Public spaces play a social as well as a political role in society and are the mirror of this society. (Carr et al.,1992) Creating such places has always been a point of discussion from the beginning. Especially since the 20th century public areas went through major changes. It is therefore that their role and existence in the future are in the 21st century more than ever a point of discussion. These discussions have started with the arrival of modern times. In this period there have been realized different public spaces which each in their own way have given a contribution to these discussions. There are some creations which are very successful, but also some projects which are less prosperous. Within modern time we can distinguish different periods of style and of movements, of which the post-modern style is a good example. Piazza d Italia in New Orleans, Louisiana, designed by Charles Moore, is such a public space project of post-modernism. From the beginning until the very present there have been different discussions in architectural society as well as in public circles about the role of the Piazza dItalia as a public area. The Piazza knows some restrictions within the way the design has been realized, which causes that people do often feel that the square cannot be experienced as a public space. In this essay there will be researched what causes the hidden problem of the Piazza d Italia. The square often gives an isolated and estranged impression toward its users. The reason for this can have different causes. That is why it is important to research with this essay why en how the Piazza gives the impression of isolation and strangeness and also why the visitors do not experience this square as a real public space. Ultimate goal is to find out on which parts there have been discussions in the past and, more important, during the post-modernism period and if these discussions are still up to date with the present 21st century. The structure of this essay is as follows: within this research it is important to know what postmodern architecture really means. In the first part we will get into detail by looking at the beginning of this period, the characteristics and to what extent this period differs from the modern architecture. The second part will then describe the Piazza d Italia. First of all we will look at the ideology and ideas of Charles Moore about its role as a public space within society, referring to his essay: You Have To Pay For The Public Life from 1965. The next step is describing the original design of the Piazza and subsequently the most recent result of the design. In the third part of the essay we will, according to the book Architectural Positions, compare the recent Piazza d Italia with the various themes and essays as written by different architects. We will look into the differences and similarities between the Piazza dItalia and the theories in the book Architectural Positions. In the final part of the essay there will be the conclusion which will summarize the result of this essay and where the conclusions about the problem of the Piazza dItalia will be designated. Postmodernism In this part of the essay we will look into the meaning of postmodernism as a style within architecture. Also it is important to know how postmodernism has taken shape, its charactistics and in what respect it differs from modern architecture. While answering these questions we will use the book Architectural Position and the Western history of architecture. Postmodernism is a style within the architecture which has formed around 1960 as a response to modernism. Modernism is characterized by very straight, functional designs, without any ornament. According to reviewers this led to a certain extent of uniformity. Postmodern architecture however characterizes itself by its free shapes, fanciful details and references to the past. Postmodernism is since the eighties on the rise and has an important position within the modern-day architecture. According to the Dutch philosopher Rene Boomkens there are four historical and philosophical stages of modernity which have eventually have led to postmodernism: The first one starts in the mid-nineteenth century, when new inventions, scientific breakthroughs, and the rise of industry inspired amazement, but also a distinct sense of ephemerality (Avermaete et al., 2009). The second stage, between the two world wars, the liberating and progressive potential of modernity was strongly emphasized. Scientific and technological advances inspired profound confidence in the perfectibility of society and the progress of culture generally meaning Western culture. Modernity was experienced as distant from the past and aiming at the future (Avermaete et al., 2009). The third stage of modernity had a more diffuse character. It showed both regressive and progressive tendencies and reached its apex in the late 1960s, with the sexual revolution, and the Paris protest of May 1968 and the Amsterdam Provo movement. One key feature of this stage was the emergence of the welfare state and mass culture, resulting in growing economic prosperity and social mobility, but also in an increasing process of individualizations (Avermaete et al., 2009). The fourth stage is postmodernity. The difference between modern and postmodern architecture can essentially be reduced to the use of ornaments, embellishment, local specialties and rich details from which the modern architecture has taken a distance. But we do see them in postmodern architectureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Piazza d Italia Regarding this research we will take a look in this chapter at the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, designed by postmodern architect Charles Moore. In his essay: You have to pay for the public life, 1965, Charles Moore starts a discussion about the role of Disneyland as a public space. Charles Moore describes Disneyland as a very important and successful place, offering possibilities to the changeability of public environment. He describes how in this fantasyland full with dreams, stories, small and large dramas, visitors get the possibility to recreate, watch, and be watched in this area. Also Charles Moore deems the success of Disney is due to the fact that the designers of Disneyland used historical buildings and public places to recreate a world with which visitors can identify themselves and a space which they can create as their own. The fact that visitors have to pay a fee at the entrance to get into Disneyland, guarantees that Disneyland as public space will stay clean and tidy and that there is no place for junks and vagabonds, according to Charles Moore in his essay. Also Charles Moore discusses in his essay the rise of privatizing modern American cities, like floating groups of islands, which can only be reached by car, and how these cities miss the re-imagination of the public qualities which Disneyland creates. During the seventies Charles Moore tries to learn a lesson from his admiration for Disneyland and to use the positive qualities in his design for Piazza d Italia in the centre of New Orleans in America. Piazza dItalia is an urban public square in the centre of New Orleans, Louisiana in the United States of America. It has been designed in 1978 as a social gathering centre for the Italian community, which lived there in large numbers during the seventies. Charles Moores design consisted of a city block which contained an already existing high office tower and around this block he designed a single-floored building where different activities, publicly as well as commercially attached to the American Italian community, were housed . In the middle of this building there was a round square with lots of decorative motives and ornaments, with a wide range of influences from Egyptian to Art Deco. From the design we can easily conclude that Charles Moore, like in Disneyland, uses historical references to stimulate a feeling of re-imagination with its visitors. Already from the beginning Piazza dItalia, as an urban public space, was confronted with problems regarding further developments. It appeared that it was impossible to find public or private investors who would be prepared to pay for further development and realization of the square. The result of this shortcoming of investors led to a totally different Piazza dItalia of the year 2012 than was meant by the original design, because only a part has been realized of what Charles Moore has designed. This square consists of a revolving plateau with tiles in different shades of grey, light and dark, which like an amphitheatre draws the attention to the fountain, forme d as in an Italian landscape, surrounded by bright coloured concrete pillars. Furthermore the square holds a belfry as an entrance at the south side and at the north side there is a passage which reminds of a keyhole. The square is located at the foot of the office building and is surrounded by streets and parking places. As a result of the unfinished state of affairs the Piazza dItalia is also known to be named the first postmodern ruin. Themes In this chapter the most recent result of the Piazza d Italia will be criticized and be searched according to a few themes from the book Architectural Position combined by Tom Avermate, Klaske Havik and Hans Treeds. As described in the introduction, Piazza dItalia gives an aliented and isolated feeling in regard to its environment and this results in that people do not feel it as a real public space in which one can recreate. To find out what the problem is the Piazza will be discussed and compared on the basis of several themes from the book Architectural position. The first theme is the definition. The essay of Adriaan Geuze will be reviewed and there will be made a comparison between the ideology of public space by Adriaan Geuze with the Piazza dItalia and in what ways there can be found similarities. Adriaan Geuze writes in his essay Accerating Darwin that Public space must challenge, provoke and disorient, he argues that only when the users of urban spaces are given an active role and can make spaces in the city their own, its possible to speak of a significant urban experience, a real public sphere. In this essay Adriaan Geuze describes the Maasvlakte near Rotterdam to explain his conviction about the definition of public space. The Maasvlakte is an industrial area and as such part of the port area of Rotterdam. This area has been described by Geuze as an unprogrammed public space which gives its users the opportunity to recreate and to make the space their own. This withstanding the fact that this area never was meant to be recreational, but is actually in use by industrial factories and warehouses with a lot of heavy truck traffic. According to Adriaan Geuze the Maasvlakte is the ultimate public space for its users because they are totally free to use the space in their own way, since they are not restricted and isolated by defined and assigned spaces. Also Adriaan Geuze says in his essay that ÃÆ' ¯nterventions in public space, or rather, in the public landscape, should no longer be focused on generating greenery, the real challenge is to create space and textures for city dwellers to colonize in their turn. Nature can play a role in this but is not a priori the main role. If we should make a comparison between the essay of Adriaan Geuze and the Piazza dItalia in its present situation, the conclusion can be made that the Piazza does not suffice at all to the ideology and ideas of Adriaan Geuze. The Piazza is too programmed because it is surrounded by parking lots and office buildings. Furthermore the square itself makes a statement with its appearance. Therefore there is no freedom for visitors to create their own and to recreate. If the square had been developed according to the first design of Charles Moore, than indeed it would have given this space, combined with surrounding activities. This would have given visitors the feeling of freedom. The square would have been surrounded by locations and activities, which would have strengthen the picture of an Italian oasis in the busy American grid structure. A place to go to happily, escaping the city. Also Adriaan Geuze states that nature itself can help with improving the qualities of public space. However, with the Piazza we can establish that, while the square is unfinished, there is no way of using nature to embellish the space. The second theme is Monumentality for which we use the essay The Monumentally Informalby James Stirling, 1984. In this essay Stirling connects the question of monumental to a buildings ability to communicate with larger social groups. Convinced that a public building should be monumental as well as informal and populist, Stirling categorizes his realized projects in two terms: abstract and the representational. Abstract is being the style related to modern movement and the language derived from cubism, constructivism, the Style and all the ism of the new architecture. Representational is being related to tradition, the vernacular, history, recognition of the familiar and generally the more timeless concerns of the architectural heritage. When comparing the Piazza dItalia with the vision of Stirling in his essay, one can conclude that it is better to place the Piazza in the category representational. The square refers in an exaggerated way to historical references and traditions, while the category abstract is totally absent. The absence of the Abstract is maybe a reason that the square is no t being experienced as a modern monument, because it simply does not have its own character in which one can recognize its era. Instead we recognize the square more or less as a historical ruin. Historical ruins draw attention to the visitors, because they have a story to tell and their own rich history. Generally ruins are an attraction as such and are public places for which one has to pay to visit, like Charles Moore describes in his previously mentioned essay Disneyland. However, as a ruin Piazza dItalia sadly misses its back-up story and history, so it cannot be an attraction in this relation. Conclusion In the context of this essay the question has been made why the Piazza dItalia leaves such an isolating and estranged impression, causing it not to be a public space experience. In this conclusion it will be emphasized that this essay is directed to the most recent result and not to the original design of Charles Moore. In the three parts of this essay there has been research to the various opinions and ideas of other architects to be able to answer the research question. As a result of this research there can be concluded that the reason why the square is not a success, can be related to the fact that the square is a strange element within an urban environment, with contrasting contexts. We can also conclude that the square is a by all means a presence because of its image and looks, without possibilities for visitors to recreate and make the space their own. As James Stirling describes the role of public buildings in his essay, a public space should be abstract as well as having av ailable representative qualities. The fact that the square looks like a ruin, without any associated (historical) characteristics, leads to alienation. Furthermore the square presents many historical references, which are completely out of context and are clearly unfinishedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The English architectural critic Charles Jencks pointed out that the quality of the square resided in the fact that it appealed simultaneously to at least two groups: to architects and an engaged minority that are concerned with architectural problems, but also to the broad public or visitors that are interested in questions of comfort, of traditional building methods and lifestyle. This combination of popular and specialist elements and images were the ideal recipe to reconcile the tension between the architect and the users of public space. AVERMAETE, T., HAVIK, K. TEERDS, H. 2009. Introduction. In: AVERMAETE, T., HAVIK, K. TEERDS, H. (eds.) Architectural Positions. Amsterdam: SUN

Prejudice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the world people are always preconceived based on who they are or what they look like. Even though it isn’t as big of a problem in some areas as in others, we need to fight it. If we don’t then it will continue to get more serious and at times lead to death. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Alexandra tells her niece that she can’t play with a schoolmate simply because of his class. â€Å"‘You can scrub Walter Cunningham till he shines, you can put him in shoes and a new suit, but he’ll never be like Jem†¦Because—he—is—trash.’† (224). This prejudiced state of mind is the foundation for the plot events of the novel. By way of experiences, a young girl, Scout Finch, must learn about the part prejudice plays in the everyday life of Maycomb County. Through settlement patterns, justice, and social stratification Harper Lee reveals the ways of prejudice. The first instance of prejudice, settlement patterns, greatly affects how people of Maycomb are prejudged, not just where they lived, but also where they dwelled. The Ewells are considered the lowest class of Maycomb, aside from the blacks, which is shown by the fact that they live at the edge of the town, right next to the black people. â€Å"‘He would show me how where and how they lived. They were people, but they lived like animals’† (30). The author describes where people live as a sort of divider among them, the Ewells not only live near the blacks, but also right next to the garbage dump. Not only was the location of on...

Engineering Economics

Eng ineeri ng Economy Third Edition Leland T. Blank, P. E. Department of Industrial Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering Texas A & M University Anthony J. Tarquin, P. E. Department of Civil Engineering Assistant Dean of Engineering The University of Texas at EI Paso McGraw-Hill Book Company New York S1. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Colorado Springs Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Oklahoma City Panama Paris San Juan Silo Paulo Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto 4 Level One 1. Define and recognize in a problem statement the economy symbols P, F, A, n, and i. 1. 6 Define cash flow, state what is meant by end-of-period convention, and construct a cash-flow diagram, given a statement describing the amount and times of the cash flows. Study Guide 1. 1 Basic Terminology Before we begin to develop the terminology and fundamental concepts upon which engineering economy is based, it would be appropriate to define what is meant by engineering economy . In the simplest terms, engineering economy is a collection of mathematical techniques which simplify economic comparisons. With these techniques, a rational, meaningful approach to evaluating the economic aspects of different methods of accomplishing a given objective can be developed. Engineering economy is, therefore, a decision assistance tool by which one method will be chosen as the most economical one. In order for you to be able to apply the techniques, however, it is necessary for you to understand the basic terminology and fundamental concepts that form the foundation for engineering-economy studies. Some of these terms and concepts are described below. An alternative is a stand-alone solution for a give situation. We are faced with alternatives in virtually everything we do, from selecting the method of transportation we use to get to work every day to deciding between buying a house or renting one. Similarly, in engineering practice, there are always seveffl ways of accomplishing a given task, and it is necessary to be able to compare them in a rational manner so that the most economical alternative can be selected. The alternatives in engineering considerations usually involve such items as purchase cost (first cost), the anticipated life of the asset, the yearly costs of maintaining the asset (annual maintenance and operating cost), the anticipated resale value (salvage value), and the interest rate (rate of return). After the facts and all the relevant estimates have been collected, an engineering-economy analysis can be conducted to determine which is best from an economic point of view. However, it should be pointed out that the procedures developed in this book will enable you to make accurate economic decisions only about those alternatives which have been recognized as alternatives; these procedures will not help you identify what the alternatives are. That is, if alternatives ,4, B, C, D, and E have been identified as the only possible methods to solve a Particular problem when method F, which was never recognized as an alternative, is really the most attractive method, the wrong decision is certain to be made because alternative F could never be chosen, no matter what analytical techniques are used. Thus, the importance of alternative identification in the decision-making process cannot be overemphasized, because it is only when this aspect of the process has been thoroughly completed that the analysis techniques presented in this book can be of greatest value. In order to be able to compare different methods for accomplishing a given objective, it is necessary to have an evaluation criterion that can be used as a basis Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 5 for judging the alternatives. That is, the evaluation criterion is that which is used to answer the question â€Å"How will I know which one is best? Whether we are aware of it or not, this question is asked of us many times each day. For example, when we drive to work, we subconsciously think that we are taking the â€Å"best† route. But how did we define best? Was the best route the safest, shortest, fastest, cheapest, most scenic, or what? Obviously, depending upon which criterion is used to identify the best, a dif ferent route might be selected each time! (Many arguments could have been avoided if the decision makers had simply stated the criteria they were using in determining the best). In economic analysis, dollars are generally used as the basis for comparison. Thus, when there are several ways of accomplishing a given objective, the method that has the lowest overall cost is usually selected. However, in most cases the alternatives involve intangible factors, such as the effect of a process change on employee morale, which cannot readily be expressed in terms of dollars. When the alternatives available have approximately the same equivalent cost, the nonquantifiable, or intangible, factors may be used as the basis for selecting the best alternative, For items of an alternative which can be quantified in terms of dollars, it is important to recognize the concept of the time value of money. It is often said that money makes money. The statement is indeed true, for if we elect to invest money today (for example, in a bank or savings and loan association), by tomorrow we will have accumulated more money than we had originally invested. This change in the amount of money over a given time period is called the time value of money; it is the most important concept in engineering economy. You should also realize that if a person or company finds it necessary to borrow money today, by tomorrow more money than the original loan will be owed. This fact is also explained by the time value of money. The manifestation of the time value of money is termed interest, which is a measure of the increase between the original sum borrowed or invested and the final amount owed or accrued. Thus, if you invested money at some time in the past, the interest would be Interest = total amount accumulated – original investment (1. 1) On the other hand, if you borrowed would be Interest money at some time in the past, the interest (1. 2) = present amount owed – original loan In either case, there is an increase in the amount of money that was originally invested or borrowed, and the increase over the original amount is the interest. The original investment or loan is referred to as principal. Probs. 1. 1 to 1. 4 1. 2 Interest Calculations When interest is expressed as a percentage of the original amount per unit time, the result is an interest rate. This rate is calculated as follows: . Percent interest rate = interest accrued per unit time 00% .. I x 1 0 origma amount (1. 3) 6 Level One By far the most common time period used for expressing interest rates is 1 year. However, since interest rates are often expressed over periods of time shorter than 1 year (i. e. 1% per month), the time unit used in expressing an interest rate must also be identified and is termed an interest period. The following two examples illustrate the computation of interest rate. Example 1. 1 The Get-Rich-Quick (GRQ) Company invested $100,000 on May 1 and withdrew a total of $106,000 exactly one year later. Compute (a) the interest gained from the original investment and (b) the interest rate from the investment. Solution (a) Using Eq. ( 1. 1), Interest = 106,000 – 100,000 = $6000 (b) Equation (1. 3) is used to obtain Percent interest rate = 6000 per year 100,000 x 100% = 6% per year Comment For borrowed money, computations are similar to those shown above except that interest is computed by Eq. (1. 2). For example, if GRQ borrowed $100,000 now and repaid $110,000 in 1 year, using Eq. (1. 2) we find that interest is $10,000, and the interest rate from Eq. (1. 3) is 10% per year. Example 1. 2 Joe Bilder plans to borrow $20,000 for 1 year at 15% interest. Compute (a) the interest and (b) the total amount due after 1 year. Solution (a) Equation (1. 3) may be solved for the interest accrued to obtain Interest = 20,000(0. 15) = $3000 (b) Total amount due is the sum of principal and interest or Total due Comment = 0,000 + 3000 = $23,000 Note that in part (b) above, the total amount due may also be computed as Total due = principal(l + interest rate) = 20,000(1. 15) = $23,000 In each example the interest period was 1 year and the interest was calculated at the end of one period. When more than one yearly interest period is involved (for example, if we had wanted to know the amount of interest Joe Bilder would owe on Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 7 the above loan after 3 years), it becomes necessary to determine whether the interest . payable on a simple or compound basis. The concepts of simple and compound interest are discussed in Sec. . 4. Additional Examples 1. 12 and 1. 13 Probs. 1. 5 to 1. 7 1. 3 Equivalence The time value of money and interest rate utilized together generate the concept of equivalence, which means that different sums of money at different times can be equal in economic value. For example, if the interest rate is 12% per year, $100 today (i. e. , at present) would be equivalent to $112 one year from today, since mount accrued = 100 =$112 Thus, if someone offered you a gift of $100 today or $112 one year from today, it would make no difference which offer you accepted, since in either case you would have $112 one year from today. The two sums of money are therefore equivalent to each other when the interest rate is 12% per year. At either a higher or a lower interest rate, however, $100 today is not equivalent to $112 one year from today. In addition to considering future equivalence, one can apply the same concepts for determining equivalence in previous years. Thus, $100 now would be equivalent to 100/1. 12 = $89. 29 one year ago if the interest rate is 12% per year. From these examples, it should be clear that $89. 29 last year, $100 now, and 112 one year from now are equivalent when the interest rate is 12% per year. The fact that these sums are equivalent can be established by computing the interest rate as follows: 112 100 = 1. 12, or 12% per year and 8~~~9 = 1. 12, or 12% per year The concept of equivalence can be further illustrated by considering different loan-repayment schemes. Each scheme represents repayment of a $5000 loan in 5 years at 15%-per-year interest. Table 1. 1 presents the details for the four repayment methods described below. (The methods for determining the amount of the payments are presented in Chaps. 2 and 3. ) †¢ Plan 1 a interest or principal is recovered until the fifth year. Interest accumulates each year on the total of principal and all accumulated interest. †¢ Plan 2 The accrued interest is paid each year and the principal is recovered at the end of 5 years. †¢ Plan 3 The accrued interest and 20% of the principal, that is, $1000, is paid each year. Since the remaining loan balance decreases each year, the accrued interest decreases each year. + 100(0. 12) = 100(1 + 0. 12) = 100(1. 12) 8 Level One Table 1. 1 Different repayment schedules of $5,000 at 15% for 5 years (1) End of year (2) = 0. 15(5) Interest for year (3) = (2) + (5) Total owed at end of year (4) Payment per plan (3) – (4) Balance after payment (5) Plan 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 Plan 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 $ 750. 00 862. 50 991. 88 1,140. 66 1,311. 76 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 10,056. 80 0 0 0 0 10,056. 80 $10,056. 80 $ $5,000. 00 5,750. 00 6,612. 50 7,604. 38 8,745. 04 0 $750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 $5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 5,750. 00 $ 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 750. 00 5,750. 00 $8,750. 00 $5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 5,000. 00 0 $750. 00 600. 00 450. 00 300. 00 150. 00 $5,750. 00 4,600. 00 3,450. 00 2,300. 00 1,150. 00 $1,750. 00 1,600. 00 1,450. 0 1,300. 00 1,150. 00 $7,250. 00 5,000. 00 4,000. 00 3,000. 00 2,000. 00 1,000. 00 0 $750. 00 638. 76 510. 84 363. 73 194. 57 $5,750. 00 4,897. 18 3,916. 44 2,788. 59 1,491. 58 $1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 1,491. 58 $7,457. 90 $5,000. 00 4,258. 42 3,405. 60 2,424. 86 1,297. 01 0 †¢ Plan 4 Equal payments are made each year with a portion going toward princi- pal recovery and the remainder covering the accrued interest. Since the loan balance decreases at a rate which is slower than in plan 3 because of the equal end-of-year payments, the interest decreases, but at a rate slower than in plan 3. te that the total amount repaid in each case would be different, even though each repayment scheme would require exactly 5 years to repay the loan. The difference in the total amounts repaid can of course be explained by the time value of money, since the amount of the payments is different for each plan. With respect to equivalence, the table shows that when the interest rate is 15% per year, $5000 at time 0 is equivalent to $10,056. 80 at the end of year 5 (plan 1), or $750 per year for 4 years and $5750 at the end of year 5 (plan 2), or the decreasing amounts shown in years 1 through 5 (plan 3), or $1,491. 8 per year for 5 years (plan 4). Using the formulas developed in Chaps. 2 and 3, we could easily show that if the payments in Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 9 each plan (column 4) were reinvested at 15% per year when received, the total amount of money available at the end of year 5 would be $10,056. 80 from each repayment plan. Additional Examples 1. 14 and 1. 15 Probs. 1. 8 and 1. 9 1. 4 Simple and Compound Interest The concepts of interest and interest rate were introduced in Sees. 1. 1 and 1. 2 and ed in Sec. 1. 3 to calculate for one interest period past and future sums of money equivalent to a present sum (principal). When more than one interest period is involved, the terms simple and compound interest must be considered. Simple interest is calculated using the principal only, ignoring any interest that was accrued in preceding interest periods. The total interest can be computed using the relation Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate) = Pni (1. 4) Example 1. 3 If you borrow $1000 for 3 years at 14%-per-year simple interest, how much money will you owe at the end of 3 years? Solution The interest for each of the 3 years is = Interest per year 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total interest for 3 years from Eq. (1. 4) is Total interest = 1000(3)(0. 4)= $420 Finally, the amount due after 3 years is 1000 + 420 Comment = $1420 The $140 interest accrued in the first year and the $140 accrued in the second year did not earn interest. The interest due was calculated on the principal only. The results of this loan are tabulated in Table 1. 2. The end-of-year figure of zero represents th~ present, th at is, when the money is borrowed. Note that no payment is made by the borrower until the end of year 3. Thus, the amount owed each year increases uniformly by $140, since interest is figured only on the principal of $1000. Table 1. 2 Simple-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) (2) + (3) Amount owed (5) End of year 0 1 2 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount paid 3 $140 140 140 $1,140 1,280 1,420 $ 0 0 1,420 10 Level One In calculations of compound interest, the interest for an interest period is calculated on the principal plus the total amount of interest accumulated in previous periods. Thus, compound interest means â€Å"interest on top of interest† (i. e. , it reflects the effect of the time value of money on the interest too). Example 1. 4 If you borrow $1000 at 14%-per-year compound interest, instead of simple interest as in the preceding example, compute the total amount due after a 3-year period. Solution The interest and total amount due for each year is computed as follows: Interest, year 1 = 1000(0. 14) = $140 Total amount due after year 1 = 1000 + 140 = $1140 Interest, year 2 = 1140(0. 14) = $159. 60 Total amount due after year 2 = 1140 + 159. 60 = $1299. 60 Interest, year 3 = 1299. 60(0. 14)= $181. 94 Total amount due after year 3 = 1299. 60 + 181. 94 = $1481. 54 Comment The details are shown in Table 1. 3. The repayment scheme is the same as that for the simple-interest example; that is, no amount is repaid until the principal plus all interest is due at the end of year 3. The time value of money is especially recognized in compound interest. Thus, with compound interest, the original $1000 would accumulate an extra $1481. 54 – $1420 = $61. 54 compared with simple interest in the 3-year period. If $61. 54 does not seem like a significant difference, remember that the beginning amount here was only $1000. Make these same calculations for an initial amount of $10 million, and then look at the size of the difference! The power of compounding can further be illustrated through another interesting exercise called â€Å"Pay Now, Play Later†. It can be shown (by using the equations that will be developed in Chap. ) that at an interest rate of 12% per year, approximately $1,000,000 will be accumulated at the end of a 40-year time period by either of the Table 1. 3 Compound-interest (1) (2) computation (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year 0 1 2 3 Amount borrowed $1,000 Interest Amount owed $1,140. 00 1,299. 60 1,481. 54 Amount paid $140. 00 159. 60 181. 94 $ 0 0 1,481. 54 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 11 – llowing investment schemes: †¢ Plan 1 Invest $2610 each year for the first 6 years and then nothing for the next 34 years, or †¢ Plan 2 Invest nothing for the first 6 years, and then $2600 each year for the next 34 years!! ‘ote that the total investment in plan 1 is $15,660 while the total required in plan _ to accumulate the same amount of money is nearly six times greater at $88,400. Both the power of compounding and the wisdom of planning for your retirement at he earliest possible time should be quite evident from this example. An interesting observation pertaining to compound-interest calculations in-olves the estimation of the length of time required for a single initial investment to double in value. The so-called rule of 72 can be used to estimate this time. The rule i based on the fact that the time required for an initial lump-sum investment to double in value when interest is compounded is approximately equal to 72 divided by the interest rate that applies. For example, at an interest rate of 5% per year, it would take approximately 14. 4 years (i. e. , 72/5 = 14. 4) for an initial sum of money to double in value. (The actual time required is 14. 3 years, as will be shown in Chap. 2. ) In Table 1. 4, the times estimated from the rule of 72 are compared to the actual times required for doubling at various interest rates and, as you can see, very good estimates are obtained. Conversely, the interest rate that would be required in order for money to double in a specified period of time could be estimated by dividing 72 by the specified time period. Thus, in order for money to double in a time period of 12 years, an interest rate of approximately 6% per year would be required (i. e. , 72/12 = 6). It should be obvious that for simple-interest situations, the â€Å"rule of 100† would apply, except that the answers obtained will always be exact. In Chap. 2, formulas are developed which simplify compound-interest calculations. The same concepts are involved when the interest period is less than a year. A discussion of this case is deferred until Chap. 3, however. Since real-world calculations almost always involve compound interest, the interest rates specified herein refer to compound interest rates unless specified otherwise. Additional Example 1. 16 Probs. 1. 10 to 1. 26 Table 1. 4 Doubling time estimated actual time from rule of 72 versus Doubling lime, no. of periods Interest rate, % per period 1 Estimated from rule 72 Actual 70 35. 3 14. 3 7. 5 2 5 10 20 40 36 14. 4 7. 2 3. 6 1. 8 3. 9 2. 0 12 Level One 1. 5 Symbols and Their Meaning The mathematical symbols: relations sed in engmeenng economy employ the following P = value or sum of money at a time denoted as the present; dollars, pesos, etc. F A n i = value or sum of money at some future time; dollars, pesos, etc. = a series of consecutive, equal, end-of-period month, dollars per year, etc. amounts of money; dollars per = number of interest periods; months, years, etc. = interest rate per interest period; percent per month, percent per year, etc. The symbols P and F represent single-time occurrence values: A occurs at each interest period for a specified number of periods with the same value. It should be understood that a present sum P represents a single sum of money at some time prior to a future sum or uniform series amount and therefore does not necessarily have to be located at time t = O. Example 1. 11 shows a P value at a time other than t = O. The units of the symbols aid in clarifying their meaning. The present sum P and future sum F are expressed in dollars; A is referred to in dollars per interest period. It is important to note here that in order for a series to be represented by the symbol A, it must be uniform (i. e. the dollar value must be the same for each period) and the uniform dollar amounts must extend through consecutive interest periods. Both conditions must exist before the dollar value can be represented by A. Since n is commonly expressed in years or months, A is usually expressed in units of dollars per year or dollars per month, respectively. The compound-interest rate i is expressed in percent per interest period, for example, 5% per year. Ex cept where noted otherwise, this rate applies throughout the entire n years or n interest periods. The i value is often the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR). All engineering-economy problems must involve at least four of the symbols listed above, with at least three of the values known. The following four examples illustrate the use of the symbols. Example 1. 5. If you borrow $2000 now and must repay the loan plus interest at a rate of 12% per year in 5 years, what is the total amount you must pay? List the values of P, F, n, and i. Solution In this situation P and F, but not A, are involved, since all transactions are single payments. The values are as follows: P = $2000 Example 1. 6 i = 12% per year n = 5 years If you borrow $2000 now at 17% per year for 5 years and must repay the loan in equal yearly payments, what will you be required to pay? Determine the value of the symbols involved. Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 13 ~- ution = S2000 = ? per year for 5 years = 17% per year = 5 years – ere is no F value involved. – 1 In both examples, the P value of $2000 is a receipt and F or A is a disbursement. equally correct to use these symbols in reverse roles, as in the examples below. Example 1. 7 T you deposit $500 into an account on May 1, 1988, which pays interest at 17% per year, hat annual amount can you withdraw for the following 10 years? List the symbol values. Solution p = $500 A =? per year i = 17% per year n= 10 years Comment The value for the $500 disbursement P and receipt A are given the same symbol names as before, but they are considered in a different context. Thus, a P value may be a receipt (Examples 1. 5 and 1. 6) or a disbursement (this example). Example 1. 8 If you deposit $100 into an account each year for 7 years at an interest rate of 16% per year, what single amount will you be able to withdraw after 7 years? Define the symbols and their roles. Solution In this example, the equal annual deposits are in a series A and the withdrawal is a future sum, or F value. There is no P value here. A = $100 per year for 7 years F =? i = 16% per year n = 7 years Additional Example 1. 17 Probs. 1. 27 to 1. 29 14 Level One 1. 6 Cash-Flow Diagrams Every person or company has cash receipts (income) and cash disbursements (costs) which occur over a particular time span. These receipts and disbursements in a given time interval are referred to as cash flow, with positive cash flows usually representing receipts and negative cash flows representing disbursements. At any point in time, the net cash flow would be represented as Net cash flow = receipts – disbursements (1. 5) Since cash flow normally takes place at frequent and varying time intervals within an interest period, a simplifying assumption is made that all cash flow occurs at the end of the interest period. This is known as the end-of-period convention. Thus, when several receipts and disbursements occur within a given interest period, the net cash flow is assumed to occur at the end of the interest period. However, it should be understood that although the dollar amounts of F or A are always considered to occur at the end of the interest period, this does not mean that the end of the period is December 31. In the situation of Example 1. 7, since investment took place on May 1, 1988, the withdrawals will take place on May 1, 1989 and each succeeding May 1 for 10 years (the last withdrawal will be on May 1, 1998, not 1999). Thus, end of the period means one time period from the date of the transaction (whether it be receipt or disbursement). In the next chapter you will learn how to determine the equivalent relations between P, F, and A values at different times. A cash-flow diagram is simply a graphical representation of cash flows drawn on a time scale. The diagram should represent the statement of the problem and should include what is given and what is to be found. That is, after the cash-flow diagram has been drawn, an outside observer should be able to work the problem by looking at only the diagram. Time is considered to be the present and time 1 is the end of time period 1. (We will assume that the periods are in years until Chap. . ) The time scale of Fig. 1. 1 is set up for 5 years. Since it is assumed that cash flows occur only at the end of the year, we will be concerned only with the times marked 0, 1, 2, †¦ , 5. The direction of the arrows on the cash-flow diagram is important to problem solution. Therefore, in this text, a vertical arrow pointing up will indicate a positive cash flow. Conversely, an a rrow pointing down will indicate a negative cash flow. The cash-flow diagram in Fig. 1. 2 illustrates a receipt (income) at the end of year 1 and a disbursement at the end of year 2. It is important that you thoroughly understand the meaning and construction of the cash-flow diagram, since it is a valuable tool in problem solution. The three examples below illustrate the construction of cash-flow diagrams.  ° Figure 1. 1 A typical cash-flow time scale. Year 1 Year 5 r=;:;; r+;:;. I 1 2 Time o I I 3 4 I 5 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 15 + Figure 1. 2 Example of positive and negative cash flows. 2 3 Time Example 1. 9 Consider the situation presented in Example 1. 5, where P = $2000 is borrowed and F is to be found after 5 years. Construct the cash-flow diagram for this case, assuming an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Figure 1. 3 presents the cash-flow diagram. Comment While it is not necessary to use an exact scale on the cash-flow axes, you will probably avoid errors later on if you make a neat diagram. Note also that the present sum P is a receipt at year 0 and the future sum F is a disbursement at the end of year 5. Example 1. 10 If you start now and make five deposits of $1000 per year (A) in a 17%-per-year account, how much money will be accumulated (and can be withdrawn) immediately after you have made the last deposit? Construct the cash-flow diagram. Solution The cash flows are shown in Fig. 1. 4. Since you have decided to start now, the first deposit is at year 0 and the [lith Comment deposit and withdrawal occur at the end of year 4. Note that in this example, the amount accumulated after the fifth deposit is to be computed; thus, the future amount is represented by a question mark (i. e. , F = ? ) Figure 1. 3. Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 9. + P = $2. 000 i = 12% o 2 3 4 5 Year F= ? 16 Figure 1. 4 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 10. Level One F= ? i = 17†³10 2 0 3 4 Year A=$1. 000 Example 1. 11 Assume that you want to deposit an amount P into an account 2 years from now in order to be able to withdraw $400 per year for 5 years starting 3 years from now. Assume that the interest rate is 151% per year. Construct the cash-flow diagram. Figure 1. 5 presents the cash flows, where P is to be found. Note that the diagram shows what was given and what is to be found and that a P value is not necessarily located at time t = O. Solution Additional Examples 1. 18 to 1. 20 Probs. 1. 30 to 1. 46 Additional Examples Example 1. 12 Calculate the interest and total amount accrued after 1 year if $2000 is invested at an interest rate of 15% per year. Solution Interest earned = 2000(0. 15) = $300 Total amount accrued = 2000 + 2000(0. 15) = 2000(1 + 0. 15) = $2300 Figure 1. 5 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 11. A = $400 o 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year p=? Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 17 Example 1. 13 a) Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for you to have $lOQO now at an interest rate of 5% per year. b) Calculate the interest that was earned in the same time period. Solution a) Total amount accrued = original deposit + (original deposit)(interest rate). If X = original deposit, then 1000 = X + X(0. 5) = X(l + 0. 05) 1000 = 1. 05X 1000 X=-=952. 38 1. 05 Original deposit = $952. 38 (b) By using Eq. (1. 1), we have Interest = 1000 – 952. 38 = $47. 62 Example 1. 14 Calculate the amount of money that must have been deposited 1 year ago for the investment to earn $100 in interest in 1 year, if the interest rate is 6% Per year. Solution Let a = a = = total amount accrued and b = original deposit. Interest Since a Interest Interest b b + b (interest rate), interest can be expressed as + b (interest rate) b =b = b (interest rate) $100 = b(0. 06) b = 100 = $1666. 67 0. 06 Example 1. 5 Make the calculations necessary to show which of the statements below are true and which are false, if the interest rate is 5% per year: (a) $98 now is equivalent to $105. 60 one year from now. (b) $200 one year past is equivalent to $205 now. (c) $3000 now is equivalent to $3150 one year from now. (d) $3000 now is equivalent to $2887. 14 one year ago. (e) Interest accumulated in 1 year on an investment of $2000 is $100. Solution (a) Total amount accrued = 98(1. 05) = $102. 90 =P $105. 60; therefore false. Another way to solve this is as follows: Required investment = 105. 60/1. 05 = $100. 57 =P $9? Therefore false. b) Required investment = 205. 00/1. 05 = $195. 24 =p $200; therefore false. 18 Level One (e) Total amount accrued = 3000(1. 05) = $3150; therefore true. (d) Total amount accrued = 2887. 14(1. 05) = $3031. 50 â€Å"# $3000; therefore false. (e) Interest = 2000(0. 05) = $100; therefore true. Example 1. 16 Calculate the total amount due after 2 years if $2500 is borrowed now and the compoundinterest rate is 8% per year. Solution The results are presented in the table to obtain a total amount due of $2916. (1) (2) (3) (4) = (2) + (3) (5) End of year Amount borrowed $2,500 Interest Amount owed Amount paid o 1 2 Example 1. 17 $200 216 2,700 2,916 $0 2,916 Assume that 6% per year, starting next withdrawing Solution P = you plan to make a lump-sum deposit of $5000 now into an account that pays and you plan to withdraw an equal end-of-year amount of $1000 for 5 years year. At the end of the sixth year, you plan to close your account by the remaining money. Define the engineering-economy symbols involved. $5000 A = $1000 per year for 5 years F = ? at end of year 6 i = 6% per year n = 5 years for A Figure 1. 6 Cashflow diagram for Example 1. 18. $650 $625 $600 $575 $ 550 $525 $500 $625 t -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 t o Year P = $2,500 Terminology and Cash-Flow Diagrams 19 Example 1. 1B The Hot-Air Company invested $2500 in a new air compressor 7 years ago. Annual income â€Å"-om the compressor was $750. During the first year, $100 was spent on maintenance, _ cost that increased each year by $25. The company plans to sell the compressor for salvage at the end of next year for $150. Construct the cash-flow diagram for the piece f equipment. The income and cost for years – 7 through 1 (next year) are tabulated low with net cash flow computed using Eq. (1. 5). The cash flows are diagrammed . Fig. 1. 6. Solution End of year Net cash flow Income Cost -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 Example 0 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 + 150 $2,500 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 $-2,500 650 625 600 575 550 525 500 625 1. 19 Suppose that you want to make a deposit into your account now such that you can withdraw an equal annual amount of Ai = $200 per year for the first 5 years starting 1 year after your deposit and a different annual amount of A2 = $300 p er year for the following 3 years. How would the cash-flow diagram appear if i is 14! % per year? Solution The cash flows would appear as shown in Fig. 1. 7. Comment The first withdrawal (positive cash flow) occurs at the end of year 1, exactly one year after P is deposited. Figure 1. 7 Cash-flow diagram for two different A values, Example 1. 19. A2 = $300 A, = $200 0 1 2 3 4 i = 14+% 5 6 7 8 Year p=? 20 Level One p=? j = 12% per year Figure 1. 8 Cash-flow diagram for Example 1. 20. F2 1996 1995 A = $50 A = $150 = $50 F, = $900 Example 1. 20 If you buy a new television set in 1996 for $900,. maintain it for 3 years at a cost of $50 per year, and then sell it for $200, diagram your cash flows and label each arrow as P, F, or A with its respective dollar value so that you can find the single amount in 1995 that would be equivalent to all of the cash flows shown. Assume an interest rate of 12% per year. Solution Comment Figure 1. 8 presents the cash-flow diagram. The two $50 negative cash flows form a series of two equal end-of-year values. As long as the dollar values are equal and in two or more consecutive periods, they can be represented by A, regardless of where they begin or end. However, the $150 positive cash flow in 1999 is a single-occurrence value in the future and is therefore labeled an F value. It is possible, however, to view all of the individual cash flows as F values. The diagram could be drawn as shown in Fig. . 9. In general, however, if two or more equal end-of-period amounts occur consecutively, by the definition in Sec. 105 they should be labeled A values because, as is described in Chap. 2, the use of A values when possible simplifies calculations considerably. Thus, the interpretation pictured by the diagram of Fig. 1. 9 is discouraged and will not generally be used further in this text. p=? j = 12% per year F. = $150 1. 9 A cash flow for Example 1. 20 considering all values as future sums. Figure 1996 1995 1997 1998 1999 F2 = $50 F3 = $50 F, = $900